Zakat Ke Qawaid Ko Samajhna: Ahliyat, Asaasay, aur Farayz - Rahmat Foundation

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Table of Contents

Taaruf (Introduction)

Zakat Ke Qawaid Ko Samajhna: Ahliyat, Asaasay, aur Farayz ko aaj ham details me jaanenge. Zakat Islam ke paanch stambhon (pillars) mein se ek aham rukun hai aur har saahib-e-nisab Musalman par farz hai. Ye ek maali ibadat hai jo na sirf hamare maal ko paak karti hai, balki samaaj mein musawaat (equality) ko farog dene aur gareebi ke khatma mein bhi madad karti hai.
Zakat ke qawaid ko samajhna har Musalman ke liye zaroori hai taake wo is farz ko sahi tareeke se ada kar sake.
Is mazmoon mein hum zakat ki ahliyat, zakat ke qabil asaason, aur iske farayz ke baare mein tafseel se baat karenge taake aap ise mukammal tor par samajh saken.

Zakat Kya Hai?

Zakat Arabi lafz “Zakah” se makhuz hai, jiska matlab hai “paakizgi” aur “barhoti”. Ye ek aisi maali ibadat hai jiske tehat ek saahib-e-nisab Musalman apne maal ki ek mukarrar miqdaar (aam tor par 2.5%) mustahiqeen mein taqseem karta hai.
Zakat ka maqsad hai maal ki paakizgi, muasharti falaah, aur Allah ki raza haasil karna.
Qur’an Majeed mein zakat ka zikr kai martaba aaya hai, jaise ke Surah Al-Baqarah (Aayat 43) mein Allah Ta’ala farmate hain:

“Aur namaz qaim karo aur zakat do, aur jo kuch tum apne liye aagey bhejoge, wo Allah ke haan paoge.”

Zakat Ke Qawaid Ko Samajhna: Ahliyat, Asaasay, aur Farayz

Zakat Ki Ahliyat (Eligibility)

Zakat ada karne ke liye kuch sharaayit poori honi chahiyein. Yeh sharaayit yeh hain:

1. Musalman Hona:
Zakat sirf Musalmanon par farz hai. Ghair-Muslimon par zakat ki koi zimmedari nahi hai.

2. Saahib-e-Nisab Hona:
Saahib-e-Nisab wo shakhs hota hai jiske paas nisab ki miqdaar se zyada maal ho. Nisab ek minimum miqdaar hai jiske upar zakat farz hoti hai. Nisab ka ta’ayun sone ya chaandi ki keemat par hota hai:

Sone ka Nisab: 87.48 gram sona ya uski mojooda market value.
Chaandi ka Nisab: 612.36 gram chaandi ya uski mojooda market value.

Chaandi ka nisab aam tor par zyada qabil-e-amal hota hai kyunki uski keemat sone se kam hoti hai, isliye zyadatar log ise standard ke tor par istemal karte hain. Agar aapke paas is miqdaar se zyada maal hai, to aap zakat ke paband hain.

3. Maal Par Ek Saal Ka Guzarna:
Zakat us maal par ada ki jaati hai jo aapke paas kam az kam ek qamri saal (taqriban 354 din) tak mojood ho. Agar aapka maal is duration mein nisab se kam ho jaye to zakat farz nahi hoti.

4. Azaad Hona:
Zakat sirf azaad fard par farz hai. Ghulam ya qaid afraad par zakat ka itlaaq nahi hota.

5. Aqalmand aur Baaligh Hona:
Zakat baaligh aur aqalmand afraad par farz hai. Na-baalegh bachon ya zehni tor par kamzor afraad par zakat farz nahi hoti, lekin unke sarparast unke maal se zakat ada kar sakte hain.

Zakat Ke Qabil Asaasay (Assets Subject to Zakat)

Zakat sirf mukarrar asaason (assets) par hi lagti hai. Yeh assets ye hain:

1. Naqad Raqam (Cash):
Bank accounts mein mojood paisa, ghar mein rakhi gayi cash, ya doosri maaliyati sarmaaya kaari (jaise shares ya bonds).
Agar yeh raqam nisab tak pohchti hai aur is par ek saal guzar jaata hai, to is par 2.5% zakat ada karni hoti hai.

2. Sona Aur Chaandi:
Zewar, sikke, ya doosri shakal mein mojood sona aur chaandi zakat ke qabil hain.
Agar zewar zaati istemaal ke liye hain lekin unki miqdaar nisab se zyada hai, to fiqh-e-Hanafi ke mutabiq is par bhi zakat wajib hai. Doosre masalik mein is par mukhtalif raayein hain, isliye apne maslak ke mutabiq rehnumai lein.

3. Karobari Samaana (Business Goods):
Tijarat ke liye rakha gaya stock, jaise dukaano mein rakhi cheezein ya factory ka raw material – zakat ke qabil hai.
Iski mojooda market value ka hisaab lagaya jaata hai.

4. Zarai Pedaawaar (Agricultural Produce):
Khajoor, gehu, chawal, jau, aur doosri faslon par zakat ada ki jaati hai agar unki miqdaar nisab tak pohch jaaye.
Zarai pedaawaar par zakat ki rate mukhtalif hoti hai:

Baarish se seecha gaya zameen: 10%
Artificial aabpashi (irrigation) wali zameen: 5%

5. Maveshi (Livestock):
Oont, gaayein, bakriyaan, aur doosre mukarrar maveshi – agar unki taadaad nisab tak pohch jaye to zakat wajib hoti hai.
Misal ke tor par: 30 gaayein ya 40 bakriyon par zakat farz hoti hai.

Note: Zaati istemaal ki cheezein – jaise ghar, gaadi, furniture, ya personal kapde – zakat ke qabil nahi hain.

Zakat Ke Farayz (Obligations of Zakat)

Zakat ada karne ke chand zaroori farz hain jin ka khayal rakhna chahiye:

1. Niyyat:
Zakat dete waqt dil mein niyyat karna zaroori hai ke ye zakat Allah ki raza ke liye di ja rahi hai. Niyyat ke baghair zakat ada nahi hoti.

2. Sahi Waqt Par Adaigi:
Zakat saalana basis par ada ki jaati hai. Aap apne maal ke ek saal mukammal hone ki tareekh fix kar sakte hain aur har saal isi waqt zakat ada kar sakte hain.

3. Mustahiqeen Tak Pahunchana:
Qur’an Majeed mein zakat ke mustahiqeen ki 8 qismein bayan ki gayi hain (Surah At-Tawbah, Aayat 60):

Fuqaraa (wo log jo buniyadi zarurat bhi poori na kar saken)
Masakeen (wo log jo muskilat mein hon)
Zakat ikattha karne wale
Wo log jinke dil jeetne hon (jaise naye Musalmaan)
Ghulamon ki aazadi ke liye
Karz Daar log
Allah ke raaste mein (jaise jihad ya deeni kaamon ke liye)
Musafir jo mushkil mein hon

Zakat directly mustahiqeen ko bhi di ja sakti hai ya kisi mo’tabar khairati idare ke zariye bhi taqseem ki ja sakti hai.

4. Durust Hisaab Kitaab:
Zakat ka hisaab durust tareeke se lagana zaroori hai. Agar aapko apne assets ya nisab ke baare mein shak ho to kisi aalim-e-deen ya Islami scholar se rehnumai lein.

Zakat Ke Qawaid Se Mutaliq Aham Nuqaat

Qarz ka Asar: Agar aap par koi qarz hai jo foran chukana hai, to use apne assets se minus karein.
Lambi duration ke qarz (jaise ghar ka loan) par fuqaha ki mukhtalif raayein hain, isliye apne maslak ke mutabiq amal karein.
Mukhtalif Masaalik: Zakat ke kuch rules (jaise zewar par zakat) mukhtalif Islami school of thought mein mukhtalif ho sakte hain. Apne maslak ke aalim se rehnumai lein.
Adaigi Ka Tareeqa: Zakat cash, samaan ya doosre assets ki shakal mein di ja sakti hai – lekin uski keemat nisab ke mutabiq honi chahiye.
Mahaali Qeemat Ka Khayaal: Assets ki value local market ke mutabiq tay karein. Jaise sone ki qeemat har mulk mein alag ho sakti hai.

Zakat Na Dene Ke Nataayij (Consequences of Not Giving Zakat)

Zakat na dena ek sangeen gunaah hai. Qur’an aur Ahadees mein zakat na dene walon ke liye sakht wa’eed (warning) hai.
Rasool Allah ﷺ ne farmaya:

“Jo shakhs zakat nahi deta, uska maal qayamat ke din uske gale ka taauq ban jaayega.” (Sahih Bukhari)

Iske ilawa, zakat na dene se society mein gareebi aur inequality barhti hai, jo poori ummah ke liye nuqsaan ka sabab banta hai.

Nateeja (Conclusion)

Zakat ke qawaid ko samajhna aur usse sahi tareeke se ada karna har saahib-e-nisab Musalman ki zimmedari hai.
Ye na sirf hamare imaan ka hissa hai, balki samaaj ki behtari ke liye bhi zaroori hai.
Agar aapko zakat ke hisaab ya qawaid mein koi shak ho to kisi mo’tabar aalim se rujoo karein.
Zakat ke zariye hum apne maal ko paak karte hain aur Allah ki raza haasil karte hain.

Apni zakat ka hisaab lagaayein, waqt par ada karein, aur samaaj ke kamzor tabqon ki madad karein. Allah humein is farz ko behtareen tareeke se ada karne ki taufeeq ata farmaayein. Aameen.